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thermodynamic operation
A thermodynamic operation is a manipulation or externally imposed change of connection or wall between thermodynamic systems, real or imagined.〔Tisza, L. (1966), pp. 41, 109, 121, originally published as 'The thermodynamics of phase equilibrium', ''Annals of Physics'', 13: 1–92.〕〔Giles, R. (1964), p. 22.〕〔Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (1999). The physics and mathematics of the second law of thermodynamics, ''Physics Reports'', 314: 1–96, p. 14.〕〔Callen, H.B.(1960/1985), p. 15.〕
A thermodynamic operation requires a contribution from an animate agency, or at least an agency that does not come from the passive properties of the systems. Perhaps the first expression of the distinction between a thermodynamic operation and a thermodynamic process is in Kelvin's statement of the second law of thermodynamics: "It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the surrounding objects." A sequence of events that occurred other than "by means of inanimate material agency" would entail an action by an animate agency. Such an agency could impose some thermodynamic operations. They might create a heat pump, which of course would comply with the law, taking its operation into account. A Maxwell's demon conducts an extreme kind of thermodynamic operation.〔Bailyn, M. (1994), pp. 88, 100.〕
==Distinction between thermodynamic operation and thermodynamic process==
A typical thermodynamic operation is a removal of an initially separating wall, a manipulation that unites two systems into one undivided system. A typical thermodynamic process consists of a redistribution of a conserved quantity between a system and its surroundings across an unchanging semi-permeable wall between them.〔Tisza, L. (1966), p. 47.〕 More generally, a process can be considered as a transfer of some quantity that is defined by an extensive state variable of the system, so that a transfer balance equation can be written.〔Gyarmati, I. (1970), p. 18.〕 As a small historical point, Kelvin spoke of a thermodynamic operation when he meant what in this article is called a thermodynamic operation followed by a thermodynamic process.〔Kelvin, Lord (1857). On the alteration of temperature accompanying changes of pressure in fluids, (''Proc. Roy. Soc.'', June ).〕 According to Uffink, "... thermodynamic processes only take place after an external intervention on the system (such as: removing a partition, establishing thermal contact with a heat bath, pushing a piston, etc.). They do not correspond to the autonomous behaviour of a free system."〔Uffink, J. (2001). Bluff your way in the second law of thermodynamics, ''Stud. Hist. Phil. Mod. Phys.'', 32(3): 305–394, publisher Elsevier Science.〕
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